The Constitution: Limiting Governmental Power

The Bill of Rights

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The original Constitution had no Bill of Rights. This was a particularly glaring deficiency because many of the new state constitutions proudly displayed these written guarantees of individual liberty. The Founders certainly believed in limited government and individual liberty, and they did write a few liberties into the body of the Constitution, including protection against ex post facto laws, a limited definition of treason, a guarantee of the writ of habeas corpus, and a guarantee of trial by jury.

May 25, 1787. Guards stood at the entrances of the Pennsylvania State House to ensure that the curious were kept at a distance. Robert Morris of Pennsylvania, the "financier" of the Revolution, opened the proceedings with a nomination--General George Washington for the presidency of the Constitutional Convention. The vote was unanimous. With characteristic ceremonial modesty, the general expressed his embarrassment at his lack of qualifications to preside over such an great body and apologized for any errors into which he might fall in the course of its deliberations. To many of those assembled, especially to the small, boyish-looking, 36-year-old delegate from Virginia, James Madison, the general's mere presence boded well for the convention, for the illustrious Washington gave to the gathering an air of importance and legitimacy. But his decision to attend the convention had been an agonizing one. The Father of the Country had almost remained at home. Suffering from rheumatism, despondent over the loss of a brother, absorbed in the management of Mount Vernon, and doubting that the convention would accomplish very much or that many men of stature would attend, Washington delayed accepting the invitation to attend for several months. Torn between the hazards of lending his reputation to a gathering perhaps doomed to failure and the chance that the public would view his reluctance to attend with a critical eye, the General finally agreed to make the trip. James Madison was very pleased.

Curtousy of Politics in America by Thomas R. Dye and www.archives.gov/national-archives-experience/charters/constitution_history.html